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{\it Title: }{\bf Snow-Atmosphere Transfer Function for Reversibly Deposited
Chemical Species}
(DPP-9224192) (R. Bales and M. Conklin)

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{\it Summary: }
The aim of our research was to develop and test a mathematical model,
or transfer function, relating
concentrations of volatile species such as hydrogen peroxide $\rm{H_2 O_2}$
formaldehyde and acids in the atmosphere
and corresponding levels in snow and shallow firn.
These species-dependent transfer functions are a critical step toward inverting ice
cores to records of past atmospheric concentrations.
The work involved: i) field studies at Summit, Greenland ii)
model development, and
iii) model calibration and evaluation with field and laboratory data.
It was found that the transfer function is highly non-linear, and depends on
seasonal and annual patterns of accumulation and temperature at an ice-coreing site.
Photochemical modeling 
showed that homogeneous processes alone cannot account for the
high daytime $\rm{H_2 O_2}$ levels measured at Summit.
Model parameters 
define an equilibrium partitioning coefficient between snow and atmosphere
as a non-linear function of depositional temperature,
yielding a function that closely matched laboratory estimates.
A parameter reflects the disequilibrium that may be preserved during
periods of rapid accumulation.
The final model parameter
describes the exchange of $\rm {H_2O_2}$ between near-surface snow and the 
atmosphere, allowing already buried snow to either take up
or release $\rm {H_2O_2}$ as conditions in and above the 
snowpack change. 
Two applications for this transfer function are: i) 
to estimate the local seasonal or annual atmospheric concentration
in the past from snow-pit and ice core-records, and ii) to
invert snow-pit and ice-core profiles 
to estimate seasonal or annual accumulation.

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\begin{document}

\noindent
{\it Title: }{\bf Snow-Atmosphere Transfer Function for Reversibly Deposited
Chemical Species}
(DPP-9224192) (R. Bales and M. Conklin)

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\noindent
{\it Publications}:
\begin{description}
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\item R. C. Bales, M. V. Losleben, J. R. McConnell, K. Fuhrer and A. Neftel,
$\rm{H_2 O_2}$ in Snow, air and open pore space in
firn at Summit, Greenland, {\it Geophys. Res. Let., 22},
pp. 1261-1264, 1995.
 
\item R. C. Bales, J. R. McConnell, M. V. Losleben,
M. H. Conklin, K. Fuhrer, A. Neftel, J. E. Dibb, J. D. W. Kahl
and C. R. Stearns, The Diel variations of $\rm{H_2 O_2}$ in Greenland:
A discussion of the cause and effect relationship, {\it J. Geophys. Res.,
100(D9)}, pp. 18661-18668, 1995.
 
\item R. C. Bales and J. Choi, Conceptual framework for interpretation of
exchange processes, in {\it Processes of Chemical Exchange between Polar
Snow and Atmosphere}, E. Wolff and R. Bales, eds.,  NATO ASI Series,
Vol. I 43,
Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 319-338, 1996.

\item J. E. Dibb, R. W. Talbot, S. I. Whitlow, M. C. Shipham, J. Winterle,
J. R. McConnell and R. C. Bales, Biomass burning signatures in the atmosphere
and snow at Summit, Greenland: An event on 5 August, 1994,
{\it Atmospheric Environment, 30}, pp 553-561, 1996.
 
\item R. C. Bales and E. W. Wolff, Processes of Chemical Exchange between
the Atmosphere and Polar Snow: Key to Interpreting Natural Climate Signals,
{\it EOS, 76(47):482-483}, 1995.
 
\item J. R. Winterle, J. R. McConnell and R. C. Bales,
Use of Snow Column Experiments to Obtain Model Parameters in the
Investigation of Snow-Atmosphere
Exchange of Reversibly Deposited Chemical Species,
{\it EOS, 77}, S156, 1996.
 
\item J. R. Winterle,
{\it Sorption Kinetics of ${H_2 O_2}$ to Snow Grains},
Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona,
Tucson, AZ, M.S. Thesis, 1996.
 
\item J. R. McConnell, A. M. Thompson and R. C. Bales, Surface snow as a
proxy for atmospheric hydrogen peroxide at South Pole,
{\it EOS, 77}, S156, 1996.
 
\item J. R. McConnell, R. C. Bales, J. R. Winterle, H. Kuhns and C. R.
Stearns, A lumped parameter model for the atmosphere-to-snow transfer
function for hydrogen peroxide, {\it J. Geophys. Res., in press}.
 
\item J. R. McConnell and J. R. Winterle and R. C. Bales and 
A. M. Thompson and R. W. Stewart,
Physically based inversion of surface snow concentrations
of $\rm{H_2 O_2}$ to atmospheric concentrations at South Pole,
{\it Geophys. Res. Lett.}, 24(4):441-444, 1997.

\end{description}

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{\it Field data available through NSIDC, as part of the GISP2/GRIP data CD.}:

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